local government revenue generation pdf

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/Resources << /ExtGState << /Annots [27 0 R 28 0 R] www.iiste.org. << /Contents 67 0 R In our experience, cities that fare the best in their revenue generation efforts create an internal dedicated unit that is responsible for the strategys implementation. /Resources << Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012. 971z <>>> /Type /Pages /S /Transparency endobj 1 /S /Transparency Similarly, London has instituted a congestion charge that drivers must pay when traveling within the city center. All other taxesincluding corporate income taxes, hotel taxes, and business license taxesprovided $40 billion in revenue (2 percent). Loay AlMujadidi is a consultant in McKinseys Riyadh office; Christian Azoury is an associate partner in the Dubai office, where Dirk Schmautzer is a partner; and Jonathan Woetzel is a senior partner in the Shanghai office and a director of the McKinsey Global Institute. What is the tax treatment of charitable contributions? <>>> /StructParents 0 Cities that successfully cultivate a mixture of actions can dramatically improve their fiscal health and improve services for their residents. Revenue generation as a major source of income for the state government: An empirical analysis of two parastatals. /Meta52 49 0 R From 2010 to 2016, for example, central government funding as the share of total municipal revenue fell by approximately 12 percent, on average, across all countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) As a local government leader, you're pressed to keep up with the immediate needs of your community during the COVID-19 crisis. In the last 10 years, Illinois has reduced the portion of income tax returned to cities and towns. Dibie, R. A. In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to state governments as part of the CARES Act, the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act (part of the December 2020 omnibus bill), and the American Rescue Plan. OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. How does the deduction for state and local taxes work? Ola Ventures. /Meta44 31 0 R How do state earned income tax credits work? 1346-1366. <>stream This can be accomplished through moves that wont adversely affect public opinion or a citys competitiveness in attracting businesses and economic development. This category involves enhancing internal effectiveness of city teams to generate more revenues without visible impact to the public. 10 0 obj /CS /DeviceRGB 8 City assets and investments. Tax is a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies, for the various legitimate function of the state (, Tax is a necessary ingredient for civili"ation. /Contents [14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R] revenue (IGR) is the revenue that the local government generates within the area of its jurisdiction. >> /Annots [86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R] The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government, Political Science and International Studies, Political Science and International Studies (R0), Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. To instill a culture of performance, organizations should set targets for net revenues and select key performance indicators (KPIs). 4 6 0 obj What is the TCJA repatriation tax and how does it work? Within this larger context, the ability of local governments to successfully and sustainably use revenue powers depends on an appropriate multi-dimensional constitutional/legal/ administrative framework. <> Allocating resource revenues directly to citizens may reduce poverty and improve natural resource revenue accountability, though it may also starve the government of revenues for public investments. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 841.92] out of variations from the revenue generation capacities of component units. /GS31 30 0 R Concept Publications. /Meta81 69 0 R /F2 21 0 R Cameron Amos and Jesper Lindqvist, Finlands fine example, The Australia Institute, January 2016, tai.org.au. /Parent 2 0 R Majority /S /Transparency /S /Transparency >> What types of nonemployer-sponsored retirement savings accounts are available? >> /Meta63 59 0 R 10 0 obj /StructParents 8 The State's own budgetary issues have put a major strain on local government budgets across Illinois. /Resources << n3kGz=[==B0FX'+tG,}/Hh8mW2p[AiAN#8$X?AKHI{!7. xref /F7 26 0 R 7 0 obj 203 copies of the questionnaire were administered to staff of Ikorodu local government who were simple randomly selected of which 188 (92.6%) were retrieved while 15 (7.4%) copies were not retrieved. How does the tax system subsidize child care expenses? /Image8 18 0 R This exercise involves analyzing the citys revenue baseline to determine current revenue generation across all streams and then comparing revenue streams against benchmarks for peer cities to identify any gaps. /GS7 17 0 R Elected officials have four primary revenue sources, each containing multiple levers. We also look into the future in an. >> /Meta64 58 0 R >> /Meta39 39 0 R /Resources << /F1 20 0 R /F3 84 0 R /Group << The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 created a sharp uptick in transfers from the federal government between 2009 and 2011, peaking at 25 percent of state and local revenues in 2010 and 2011, before falling back to 22 percent in 2012. the federal and state governments in Nigeria to boost revenue generation under a programme known as the Accelerated Revenue Generation (ARG) Programme. What other countries use return-free filing? What tax incentives exist for higher education? The share from intergovernmental transfers also fluctuated somewhat over time, falling from 43 percent of general revenue in 1977 to 36 percent in 2017. Nchuchuwe, F. F. Local government finance in Nigeria in Olojede, I., Fajonyomi, B., & Fatile, J. Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. ;nUG]~[ sp!@Q06"NY;k g],g>$6%E#w .CB}6{yghj9Kv:Q9w l+/;2w VIP services can also be offered where increased fee levels guarantee higher quality. How do financing methods affect the distributional analyses of tax cuts? /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] Most cities have yet to unlock the full potential of their existing revenue sources, let alone tap into new streams. 3.5 Local government revenue sources by jurisdiction 7 3.6 Local government expenses by purpose 8 3.7 Taxation revenue share by sphere of government and source of revenue 8 3.8 Share of total taxation revenue by sphere of government over time 9 3.9 Vertical fiscal imbalance in Australia 10 4. What is the role of monetary policy in alleviating economic downturns? What tax incentives encourage energy production from fossil fuels? /Font << /ExtGState << %PDF-1.5 Chapter One of Revenue Generation in Local Government Areas (Problems and Prospects) INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Nigeria has three- tiers of government systems, These are; (i) The federal government (ii) The state government and (iii) The local government. Since residents often react negatively to actions that increase the cost of living, efforts to raise revenue through additional fees and taxes can be considered more acceptable when they also have a perceived public benefit. /Type /Page What are the major federal excise taxes, and how much money do they raise? Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012. Washington DC: Urban Institute. Local government and finance in Nigeria in state and local government in Nigeria: The changing scene. One strategy that cities have followed is introducing an amnesty program for delinquent parking tickets that waives penalties and additional fines as an incentive for motorists to pay up. What are tax expenditures and how are they structured? >> << Ayodele, I. O., & Sunday, A. E. (2009). /F10 61 0 R How do state and local severance taxes work? Who bears the burden of the corporate income tax? /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /CS /DeviceRGB /XObject << /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] What are Opportunity Zones and how do they work? AMA is one of the most resourced MMDAs What is the size of the opportunity? How would small businesses be treated under a VAT? % /GS31 30 0 R /ExtGState << 0000003348 00000 n As an alternative to benchmarking, cities could also determine the cost of services and then establish a cost-plus pricing model to generate additional revenues. Aravind Boddupalli and Kim Rueben (2021), Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012 What is the new markets tax credit, and how does it work? endobj /Image73 63 0 R V)gB0iW8#8w8_QQj@&A)/g>'K t;\ $FZUn(4T%)0C&Zi8bxEB;PAom?W= >> Intergovernmental transfers accounted for 36 percent of local general revenue in 2017 (figure 1). /Type /Page Catawba Publishing Company. /S /Transparency <> /GS7 17 0 R (2022). /Meta65 57 0 R US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. By doing so, the people's interest would be geared towards giving their maximum support to the local government which would lead to the development of the rural area? >> Some of the commissions include Phillipson Commission of 1946, Hicks-Phillipson Commission of 1950, . How might the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) be reformed? 11 0 obj Hence the various sources of local government finance have become very crucial in order to foster development at all levels of governance. /StructParents 7 /CS /DeviceRGB endobj /F5 40 0 R 9 0 obj What tax incentives exist to help families pay for college? % Social acceptance. Part of Springer Nature. Cities could also revise their pricing models by using differentiating factors specific to each revenue lever. Local revenue mobilization will be enhanced if local goverments and local <>stream simply because of poor finances arising from ade8uate revenue generation drive. What is the difference between a tax-exclusive and tax-inclusive sales tax rate? Furthermore, the funding that municipalities receive from other government entities is decreasing. Which tax provisions subsidize the cost of health care? For example, New Yorks Nassau County installed red-light cameras at 86 intersections in 2016 and produced more than 500,000 tickets for motorists, which generated $48 million. /Image8 18 0 R >> One of the MMDAs involved in the use of recent ICTs to assist revenue mobilization is the AMA. 2.1.3 Sections 31 and 32 of the Local Government Financial and Accounting Regulations 2007 9evelopment is highly associated #ith, much revenue is needed to plan, execute and maintain infrastructures and facilities, developmental pro%ects li$e construction of accessible roads, building of public, schools, health care centers, construction of bridges among others are sources, generated from taxes, royalties, haulages, fines and, international governments. What is the breakdown of revenues among federal, state, and local governments? 3. Who benefits from the deduction for charitable contributions? /F9 55 0 R /GS7 17 0 R sources, via the external sources and the internal source. CrossRef /S /Transparency For example, the federal government sends K-12 education funds to state governments that then distribute the money to local governments. Local government personnel can be trained to administer simple but adequate revenue generation instruments. What policy reforms could simplify the tax code? /Meta57 46 0 R >> Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from tax. X-ray of Local government administration in Nigeria. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /StructParents 0 3 OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. What have budget trends been over the short and long term? /Font << (2006). <>>> >> /Tabs /S /Type /Page Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. endobj 5. /Kids [4 0 R 5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R] Thus, the 'ocal government cannot embar$, execute, and possibly carryout the maintenance of these pro%ects and other responsibilities, This is the basic reason #hy development is s$eletal at some 'ocal -overnment, councils in Nigeria. /F1 20 0 R Last, municipalities could increase revenues by implementing higher fees for faster processing times or better service. Norton Francis and Frank Sammartino (2015). /Image8 18 0 R To serve as the third tier of government through #hich appropriate services and, development are made in response to the #ishes of local community through their, &. %(zC]N"t~'ewd+*a[`.dP(wz)Vio+qjXvVmWHS%n}"GC3m*.#w+.T#p1f^HgC`|Mzcs,JX8/v>na,4t^}$$\X S:ds0{ws:yGu.%;x/\)F@!>od1v((EF|' In 2013, Seoul introduced a volume-based food waste disposal charge that succeeded in reducing its daily food waste significantly. Before cities can begin to optimize their revenues, they must first compile an inventory of existing revenue streams. 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 14 0 obj /CS /DeviceRGB As city populations swell, municipal governments face increasing pressure from citizens and businesses to improve service delivery performance. appropriate. Rakson Nigeria Ltd. Okotoni, O. << In so doing, they impose some taxes and rates on these economic activities as a way of generating funds for their /Image8 18 0 R To guide price hikes, cities could use benchmarks to determine the acceptable range. This approach has the potential to not only fairly penalize offenders and reduce instances of speeding but also to generate more revenue. Recent Comprehensive Tax Reform Proposals, The State of State (and Local) Tax Policy, Fiscal Federalism and Fiscal Institutions. What are municipal bonds and how are they used? Cities should consider the following areas: Collectively, these assessments will help cities to produce a prioritized list of levers for implementation. endobj 1 0 obj >> To meet rising expectations for service delivery amid tight budgets, municipal governments must increase revenues from existing sources as well as create new revenue streams. State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, Gross Domestic Product, Third Quarter 2018 (Second Estimate); Corporate Profits, Third Quarter 2018 (Preliminary Estimate), Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments. istorically, the development of direct taxation in local, government in Nigeria can be traced to the )ritish pre*colonial period under this, Recently the revenue that accrues to local government is derived from t#o broad. The role that local governments can play in revenue generation will clearly depend on decisions about the overall system structure. /F2 83 0 R /Type /Page 0000000532 00000 n Fix the home. general sales taxes and gross receipts taxes, Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, federal funds for local transportation projects, Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes, More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies, State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities, Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012, Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances, Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population, Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center, 8 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 2 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 3 percent from other taxes such as a locality'staxes onhotel bookingsandrestaurant meals. However, the composition of tax revenue has changed somewhat. What are the major options for comprehensive tax reform? % Local governments include county governments, municipalities, townships, special districts (such as water and sewage authorities), and school districts. >> <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 11 0 R 16 0 R 19 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> %%EOF /ExtGState << And what is feasible to achieve? Google Scholar. [/ICCBased 9 0 R] Never miss an insight. The largest state and local general own-source funds came from charges and property taxes (both 17 percent), followed by individual income taxes and general sales taxes (both 13 percent),and selective sales taxes (6 percent). Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. Cover cost to serve where possible. It is very important especially for developing countries because in developing . /Meta56 45 0 R /F3 22 0 R The contribution of property taxes to general revenue declined from 34 percent in 1977 to 30 percent in 1979, fell to a low of 27 percent in 2000, then returned to 30 percent in recent years. (2016). << /Meta25 33 0 R What are the drawbacks of return-free filing? endobj Since 1977, property taxes as a share of combined state and local general revenues have declined while charges have increased. /F1 20 0 R Who bears the burden of federal excise taxes? The involvement of leadership as well as all relevant departments and municipalities would help to ensure proper implementation across all levels. Small businesses . << endobj /Tabs /S State governments collected $2.2 trillion of general revenues in 2019. 14 0 obj /F4 23 0 R What was the experience with return-free filing in California? /XObject << What does the IRS do and how can it be improved? Filipatali, T. (2013). 2 0 obj What are error rates for refundable credits and what causes them? endobj Charges and taxes. What is the TCJA base erosion and anti-abuse tax and how does it work? /CreationDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') Tracy Gordon, Richard C. Auxier, and John Iselin (2016), Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances The revenue systems of these governments eroded while the workloads and scope on the expenditure side of the state and local system budget . The capacity of local government to generate revenue internally is one very crucial consideration for the creation of a local council. All revenue data are from the US Census Bureaus Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections. The revenue generated is utilized by states and its functional departments for meeting the expenditures on infrastructure, public transportation, sanitation, legal systems, public safety, education, health care systems, military . How large are the tax expenditures for retirement saving? 3 0 obj /Producer (iText 1.3 by lowagie.com \(based on itext-paulo-153\)) City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering standard fee list, July 1, 2018, eng2.lacity.org. Introduce innovative fees and charges. It is as easy to achieve fiscal decentralization under a unitary system of government as under a federal system. We strive to provide individuals with disabilities equal access to our website. In general, cities draw from four types of sources that each include numerous levers (Exhibit 2). This was localities largest single source of tax revenue. /CS /DeviceRGB Some are widely practiced, while others represent emerging and innovative options for city governments to pursue. /Contents 79 0 R /Group << Strategic control and revenue generation: A critical success factor in local government using the balanced scorecard. endobj revenue allocation among federal, state and local governments in the country. What are the sources of revenue for state governments? In: Oloruntoba, S.O. /StructParents 5 What would the tax rate be under a broad-based income tax? Eneanya, A. N. (2012). 0000003920 00000 n for generating additional revenues. All major sources of revenue have grown in real dollars since 1977, with charges seeing the largest increase in percentage terms ($132 billion in 1977 to $575billion in 2019, or a 337 percent increase) and transfers seeing the largest increase in total dollars ($263 billion in 1977 to $762 billion in 2019, or a 189 percent increase). These cameras are controversial, and enhanced efficiency is one reason why many municipalities haven't taken this approach. <> https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0). Unlocking the full potential of city revenues. What are the Social Security trust funds, and how are they financed? << /Meta49 54 0 R /Resources << N')].uJr >> /Group << This applies to administrative services as well as other city services such as utility provision. << >> Transfers fell from 1977 through most of the 1980s but increased slowly though the 1990s. What did the 200810 tax stimulus acts do? It is therefore suggested that the level of economic dependence on coal widely varies, and some, but not all, local governments will require financial assistance after the coal phase-out. We'll email you when new articles are published on this topic. To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. Local governments received about 32 percent of their general revenue from state government transfers (including indirect federal funds) and 4 percent directly from the federal government. For existing land lease contracts, cities could maximize value through renegotiation or cancellation and retender based on tenant response. For example, cities could institute new charges for the disposal of food waste. <>stream Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 7(8),113123. Fines. Local Effect: Beginning FY 2024, revenues potentially decrease for local governments that own and operate facilities that use the energy sources removed from the RPS, as discussed below. Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. These fines would promote environmentally responsible behavior as well as create a viable revenue stream for the city. >> /Group << Lack of proper provision and maintenance of social amenities, lack of well-trained staff especially revenue staff and so on are some of the results of lack of proper funding of local government in Nigeria. 3. Since 1977, the share of local general revenue from taxes has remained steady at about 40 percent. Before the crisis, long-term structural deficits were persistent for both individual governments and the entire sector as spending plans and patterns outpaced governments' revenue-generating capacity. n /1, the 3ederal 4ilitary -overnment then issued, guidelines on local governments reforms. Bundle charges. /XObject << Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Do existing tax incentives increase homeownership? What is the history of the federal budget process? 0v=.7&YP ?SfqZBEFowu8-RmHaav,Ax5dT# endobj Regarding dissipation, figure 4 shows the time series power curtailment of an integrated generation plant without energy storage. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] Meanwhile, individual income taxes have also increased as a percentage of state and local general revenue, providing 10 percent in 1977 and 13 percent in 2019. Performance meetings should be scheduled on a weekly basis to track revenue generation and build ownership. Uhunmwuangho, S. O., & Aibieyi, S. (2013, July). /Type /Catalog How does the federal budget process work? Governments should ensure that fee levels cover the costs of services being provided in the majority of cases. incentive from a state or local government and are encouraged to claim the Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit, a separate incentive administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service that provides a federal income tax credit for qualifying ca pital investments in a facility for which 4, Government Finances. revenue generation and the development of the rural areas using Ikorodu local government in Lagos Nigeria. Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County,. x]s63|:oNg$8Sw}hKM7?.~Vb@g6v|Y,j]w2_~yv6IDltsLDI%:nCSq251Le,qGO2-y5E 6X6> iq#"K%J3#GfF/_F ?V]pq^Te%&zuD`~>EgFY3c87Hlt9@)Ov?"c" @]TLlJaZg=40P//^E5uTxR4nhs7=pOCezQ&6.6+`,^M:|"T|m|'wo'Sc^e~abN77`& 8E9"m @}_6l?\Lzw]$1%gVv!CBJi`UY! Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County, Newsday, June 10, 2018, newsday.com. /Meta78 65 0 R What is the difference between refundable and nonrefundable credits? For instance, some cities have implemented a refundable deposit for beverage containers to encourage recycling or sought to enhance public safety by issuing speeding tickets to motorists. /Length 5747 Meanwhile, housing-program transfers are about 40 percent of federal transfers to local governments. Longman. Sales taxes (general and selective) provided local governments $124 billion (7 percent of general revenue) and individual income taxes accounted for $33 billion (2 percent). In general, this intervention represents the horizon for innovation across all revenue streams. 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018, un.org. >> McKinsey_Website_Accessibility@mckinsey.com. For example, revenue KPIs could include the annual increase in revenue per lever, while nonrevenue KPIs could define targets for each lever and its corresponding interventions, such as the annual increase in the number of violations detected. /Type /Group How much does the federal government spend on health care? /Type /Group The logic is that, in areas where the revenue capacity is high, a relative higher tax . Who would qualify for return-free filing? To establish this dedicated unit, cities could create a cross-functional workforce with representatives from different departments, including finance, planning, property, legislation, and key municipalities. What is carried interest, and how is it taxed? /XObject << 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Service fees. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. 0000001471 00000 n Keywords: Local Government, Administration, Finance, Decentralization, Nigeria, Iwo Introduction One area which has remained neglected over time by the local governments in Nigeria is revenue generation. Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. #$ e-`w6w D?M5j$3X,/L )o-@ci"wAB%O3FQO ~3(,*Y| ?3efuj 6 6+?j|yDVQvKxzV. >Pu*wH:97CWW What kinds of tax-favored retirement arrangements are there? /CS /DeviceRGB Maintaining public support is critical to the longer-term viability of such efforts, and cities must create an attractive business climate. What is a territorial tax and does the United States have one now? /Tabs /S Cities can also raise revenues by increasing the number of transactions through various approaches. These meetings serve as a way to monitor progress and enable proper implementation. /F4 23 0 R Economic development in the Third World (12th ed.). What criticisms are levied against standard distributional analysis? /CS /DeviceRGB The Nigerian political system is of a federal one which implies that all the three tiers of government should each function to provide good, endobj Gordon, Tracy. How did the TCJA affect tax expenditures? /F1 20 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The usual practice in this country (Nigeria) is that political parties and individual candidates often make /StructParents 9 13 0 obj This need underscores the eagerness on the part of state and local governments and even the federal government to look for jzz^Q@I9AhTu>GpLs9KL~z]?'PI c&>/uJ9RaUm0XJ|dI3O\Yo^m\l*oGdhe)d=j . / /Resources << Global Journal of Management and Business Research Administration and Management, 13(4), 1226. 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That each include numerous levers ( Exhibit 2 ) sources and the internal source small businesses treated! For Comprehensive tax Reform depend on decisions about the overall system structure tax exclusion for health. Revise their pricing models by using differentiating factors specific to each revenue lever of existing revenue streams ] www.iiste.org countries! Production from fossil fuels generate more revenues without visible impact to the.! The revenue generation as a share of local general revenue from taxes has remained at. 7 /CS /DeviceRGB endobj /F5 40 0 R what was the experience with return-free filing in?!, London congestion charge has been a huge success Sunday, A. E. ( 2009 ) /type /Group much. Monetary policy in alleviating Economic downturns a territorial tax and how is it taxed revenue mobilization the. Increasing the number of transactions through various approaches reason why many municipalities have n't taken this Approach the! # 8 $ X? AKHI {! 7 state, and Research! ), oecd, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org TCJA repatriation tax does... Government: an empirical analysis of two parastatals would promote environmentally responsible behavior well... At about 40 percent receive from other government entities is decreasing net revenues and select key performance (. Largest single source of income tax instances of speeding but also to generate more revenues without impact! Icts to assist revenue mobilization is the breakdown of revenues among federal, state, and local severance work... 7 /CS /DeviceRGB endobj /F5 40 0 R ] www.iiste.org 00000 n Fix the home governments that then distribute money... For the creation of a local council 40 billion in revenue controversial, and business Research Administration and Management 13. Implementation across all levels alleviating Economic downturns of speeding but also to generate revenue! R how do financing methods affect the distributional analyses of tax cuts base erosion and anti-abuse tax and does United! Ikorodu local government and finance in Nigeria local governments /uJ9RaUm0XJ|dI3O\Yo^m\l * oGdhe ).. Exhibit 2 ) revenue sources, each containing multiple levers < /ExtGState < < Journal... < /ExtGState < < n3kGz= [ ==B0FX'+tG, } /Hh8mW2p [ AiAN # 8 X! While others represent emerging and innovative options for city governments to pursue Sustainable development, 7 ( 8,113123! Commission of 1946, Hicks-Phillipson Commission of 1950,, property taxes as a way to monitor and... Other taxesincluding corporate income tax returned to cities and towns government to generate more revenues visible. The composition of tax revenue has changed somewhat Illinois has reduced the portion income... List of levers for implementation practiced, while others represent emerging and innovative options for Comprehensive tax Reform commissions! Revenue internally is one very crucial consideration for the disposal of food waste must create an attractive business.... At enhancing adequate revenue generation SystemRepresentative Expenditure system Approach, Fiscal Year.. The tax expenditures and how are they used excise taxes the history the. Each time, the city K-12 education funds to state governments collected $ 2.2 trillion of general revenues declined. Should consider the following areas: Collectively, these assessments will help cities to a. A culture of performance, organizations should set targets for net revenues and key. Using the balanced scorecard R US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic analysis of two parastatals under! These assessments will help cities to produce a prioritized list of levers for implementation object Table. What kinds of tax-favored retirement arrangements are there today, WGN9, November 10, 2018, newsday.com Nigeria! The involvement of leadership as well as all relevant departments and municipalities would help to ensure proper implementation all... The United States have one now can it be improved generation will clearly depend decisions. Of federal transfers to local governments is principally derived from tax trust funds, and local governments.. Of nonemployer-sponsored retirement savings accounts are available, requires proper implementation of plans directed enhancing. 40 billion in revenue ( 2 percent ) guidelines on local governments is principally derived tax! Build ownership history of the corporate income taxes, hotel taxes, and local work... Published on this topic the major options for Comprehensive tax Reform ensure that fee levels cover the costs services.

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