who is the happy warrior nussbaum summary

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Indeed, despite being pleased at being cited in this very good article, I am less than pleased by the fact that the authors appear not to have read chapter 1 of the book they cite (Women and Human Development), which is all about the ways in which I would answer the charge of paternalism, or chapter 2 either, in which I fault some objective-list accounts for being insufficiently sensitive to desire and show what role desire plays in my idea of justification. Philosophy, happiness research, and public policy. I thus render Greek aret, usually translated "virtue." Here, we should return to Mill. He left a legacy of a centralized and bureaucratic . Pleasure is only as good as the thing one takes pleasure in: If one takes pleasure in harming others, that good-feeling emotion is very negative; even if one takes pleasure in shirking ones duty and lazing around, that is also quite negative. You are lying on your back in the dark. He married at age 16, but had many wives during his lifetime. Nor do I think that I am an unusual case. " Who is the happy warrior? As more exposed to suffering and distress; Tis he whose law is reason; who depends, Whence, in a state where men are tempted still, Rises by open means; and there will stand, Who comprehends his trust, and to the same, And therefore does not stoop, nor lie in wait. 5 Photos Documentary Drama Family Happy takes us on a journey from the swamps of Louisiana to the slums of Kolkata in search of what really makes people happy. Now the Greeks exaggerate, here, the non-riskiness of contemplation. Buy This. Tis, finally, the Man, who, lifted high, Prosperous or adverse, to his wish or not, Plays, in the many games of life, that one. Aristotle, like Wordsworth, stresses that the courageous person is not free from fear: Indeed, he will appropriately feel more fear and pain at the prospect of losing his life in battle than the mediocre person, because his life, which is at risk, is a valuable life and he knows it. I saw him stab. As Austin saw, the important thing about the happy warrior is that he has traits that make him capable of performing all of lifes many activities in an exemplary way, and he acts in accordance with those traits. Who Is The Happy Warrior Nussbaum Summary Martha C. Nussbaum analyzes the many definitions of many different philosophers in "Who Is the Happy Warrior" while also addressing the importance of their views. Already, then, there is something very important about the good human life that Benthamism does not capture. Today, Americans are often are embarrassed by deep grief and tend to give Stoic advice too freely. Known for his exceptional leadership, unconventional tactics, and excellent understanding of strategy, he won many battles. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. She is able to identify the various definitions of happiness that these philosophers have constructed by structuring her essay in forms of questions which are then eventually answered. Philosophy, happiness research, and public policy ," International Review of Economics , Springer;Happiness Economics and Interpersonal Relations (HEIRS), vol. I shall not elaborate further here, since the entire second chapter of Women and Human Development is required to give those conditions. No writings of Eudoxus survive; we know his views through Aristotle's characterization of them in Nicomachean Ethics 1172b 9 ff., and by reports of later doxographers; he is usually taken to be the inspiration for the title character in Plato's Philebus. ), Affiliation. Bodily Integrity. C. Nussbaum extensively explores psychology from a philosophical point of view. Which is our human natures highest dower: Controls them and subdues, transmutes, bereaves. David Cornwell was a very happy man.Footnote 34 He was relaxed and genial, gentle, and funny. The commitment to reflection is also a commitment to the ceaseless critical scrutiny of cultural beliefs and cultural authorities. Typical is the question posed by Kahneman, Taking all things together, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days? First of all, I am not even clear that Seligman has taken a position on Mills famous claim that it is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a pig satisfied. Being able to live to the end of a human life of normal length; not dying prematurely or before ones life is so reduced as to be not worth living. Many instances of good-feeling emotion are actually quite negative, inasmuch as they are based on false beliefs about value. Pleasure, as I have said, is not identical with happiness, but it usually (not always) accompanies the unimpeded performance of the activities that constitute happiness. Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006). Im with him: It seems a deeply inappropriate way to think of the tragic death of a child. Wordsworths very Aristotelian poem, Character of the Happy Warrior, tells a similar tale, describing the happy warrior as happy because he is active in accordance with all the virtues; and yet he has little if any pleasure and a good deal of pain.Footnote 15, Wordsworth is a useful interlocutor at this point, because we can see that the Aristotelian conception of happiness was dominant until Benthams influence dislodged it, changing the very way that many people, at least, hear the English word happiness. So powerful was the obscuring power of Benthams oversimplification that a question that Wordsworth takes to be altogether askable, and which, indeed, he spends eighty-five lines answeringthe question what happiness really issoon looks to philosophers under Benthams influence like a question whose answer is so obvious that it cannot be asked in earnest. If Dolan and White believe that the very fact of having a list of fundamental entitlements specified in a constitution entrenched beyond majority whim is an objectionable form of paternalism, they certainly do not make that argument. Other sorts of lives require more specialized external conditions: A life of political action, for example, requires free birth, citizenship, friends, and at least some money. In a later text, he counts music, virtue, and health as major pleasures. One might indeed hear the question that way. The first identifies pleasure with unimpeded activity (not so odd if we remember that we speak of my pleasures and enjoyments). By dphilo. See more. Pleasures can vary in intensity, duration, certainty or uncertainty, propinquity or remoteness, and, finally, in causal properties (tendency to produce more pleasure, etc.). Martha Nussbaum, "Who is the Happy Warrior? He knows that getting from the defective one to the good one is a difficult struggle, involving a radical overhaul of education and public culture, the reason for his great interest in Auguste Comtes proposal for an altruistic religion of humanity. That, however, is Mill, and contemporary Benthamism has no such altruistic thoughts, so far as I can see, and no such critical diagnosis of our present social condition as defective to the extent that individual and universal well-being are badly aligned. Modern philosophers starting off from the Greco-Roman tradition have noticed that already in that tradition there is a widespread sense that Benthams sort of answer will not do. He stood up on the stage to be honored, but no glint of happiness appeared on his face. Finally, one can get the seriousness of the good or bad event wrong: One may get angry over triviaAristotles example is when someone forgets your name, so you see the world has changed little. That is, emotions are positive or negative, in the sense relevant to normative thinking, according to the correctness of the appraisals or evaluations they contain. Man does not strive after happiness; only the Englishman does that. C. Daniel Batson, The Altruism Question (Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991) and Altruism in Humans (New York: Oxford Unversity Press, 2011). Since Nussbaum agreed with Aristotle's claim that happiness was found in effortlessly doing good activities it is likely that she will also agree with Sonja Lyubomirsky's claim that "40% intentional activity" (Lyubomirsky, 184) contributes to one's happiness. What Im interested in, though, is a slightly different question, absolutely central to the Greeks and Romans, and to their classifications of virtues, and on which they disagree a good deal. It is absurd to say that this person is pleased at the prospect of death, says Aristotle. This famous passage shows Mill thinking of pleasures as very like activities (with Aristotle in Book VII) or, with Aristotle in Book X, as experiences so closely linked to activities that they cannot be pursued apart from them. Author (s) The Epicureans, Skeptics, and Stoics practiced philosophy not as a detached intellectual discipline but as a worldly art of grappling with issues of daily and urgent human significance. Since Nussbaum agreed with Aristotles claim that happiness was found in effortlessly doing good activities it is likely that she will also agree with Sonja Lyubomirskys claim that 40% intentional activity (Lyubomirsky, 184) contributes to ones happiness. Emotions. In general, bad people have pleasure in their bad behavior. Feudalism went on for centuries without such a protest movement, sexism far longer.Footnote 32 Empirical work on women shows that they often report satisfaction at having less education than males, because that is what they are brought up to think is right and proper.Footnote 33 So deferring to the subjective experience of pleasure or satisfaction will often bias the social inquiry in the direction of an unjust status quo. This sum-ranking, as Amartya Sen and Bernard Williams aptly call it,Footnote 38 And must the positive emotion be suitably linked to the good activity, a kind of taking delight in ones good activity? (This entails protection for the liberty of conscience and religious observance. Feminist Economics 9 (2003), 3359. The Stoics have similar criticisms. Notice the phrase isn't "agreeable . Capability Approach Wikipedia. In her article, she draws a restrictive line between pleasure and happiness. If we now turn to Seligmans somewhat richer normative conception, it would appear that his positive psychology gives the following advice: To the extent that a career offers secure prospects of pleasant feeling and still contains some valuable activity, that career is to be preferred to the career that has a large risk of reversal and misery. In 2010 he was voted the greatest person in Irelands history, in a poll conducted by the national broadcaster RTE. Forever, and to noble deeds give birth, Or he must fall to sleep without his fame, And leave a dead unprofitable name, Finds comfort in himself and in his cause; And, while the mortal mist is gathering, draws. For the Benthamite, we are to strive to produce the greatest net balance of pleasure over pain for the greatest number. This article discusses how a subjective (mental-state) approach could be used to aid the achievement of objective-list and desire-fulfillment policy goals, and considers ways in which a subjective approach may benefit policymakers in its own right. See "Introduction," in Utilitarianism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). - Heraclitus Divinity must live within herself: Passions of rain, or moods in falling snow; Grievings in loneliness, or unsubdued Elations when the forest blooms; gusty Emotions on wet roads on . Martha Nussbaum, 2012. There is no opportunity for them to answer something plausible, such as Well, my health is good, and my work is going well, but I am very upset about the state of the economy, and one of my friends is very ill. Not only is that opportunity not provided, but, in addition, the prestige of scienceindeed of the Nobel Prize itselfis put behind the instruction to reckon all life-elements up as a single whole. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 3962. What is appealing about Benthams program is its focus on urgent needs of sentient beings for relief from bodily suffering and its determination to take all suffering of all sentient beings into account. Benthamism already aggregates in a questionable way, by funneling all the states associated with diverse activities into a single quantitative calculus. Character of the Happy Warrior By William Wordsworth Who is the happy Warrior? It was clear not only that he felt proud of his achievement but also that he felt in control of his ongoing activity. A proto-Benthamite answer is familiar, in views of hedonists such as EudoxusFootnote 5 and the title character in Platos Philebus, who represented Eudoxuss position. Notoriously, however, he offers two very different conceptions of pleasure, one in book VII and one in book X of the Nicomachean Ethics. Does his account correctly capture the complexity of our experience of pleasures of many sorts? To the extent that such recommendations are successful, our country is the poorer. He believes that it will not be easy for young Emile to learn that emotion, because, like all children, he wants to feel good. That is really what the ancient debate is about: Should one pay attention to the risk of ending up in a miserable condition, all ones projects smashed, when one makes ones choice of life? I was, therefore, involved in the commencement and honorary-degree ceremonies, and I met the people who were being honored. This is yet one more reason to doubt the facile equation of pleasure with happiness. So, if I ever notice myself feeling feelings of satisfaction, I blame myself and think that, insofar as I have those feelings, Im like Mills pig satisfied or Aristotles dumb grazing animals, and thus, reflectively, I report dissatisfaction with my life as a whole. The exceeding pleasure of a large number can justify giving a small number a very miserable life. See Michael St. John Packe, The Life of John Stuart Mill (New York: Macmillan, 1954), p. 507. See my treatment of this passage in The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, updated edition 2001), chapter 10. Where you have gratitude (when someone does something importantly nice for you), there is also conceptual space for anger (if that same person should decide to treat you badly). Aristotles richer conception is still present in our lives, and we can see that ideas like Seligmans idea of authentic happiness capture something of its spirit.Footnote 18 According to this Aristotelian tradition, what we all can agree about is that happiness (eudaimonia) is something like flourishing human living, a kind of living that is active, inclusive of all that has intrinsic value, and complete, meaning lacking in nothing that would make it richer or better. Being able to live with concern for and in relation to animals, plants, and the world of nature. - 208.113.148.196. The badness of pain should be a central consideration in end-of-life care and in the discussion of physician-assisted suicide. I am grateful to Luigino Bruni and Pier Luigi Porta for inviting me to a conference on happiness in Milan in June, 2011, and for their suggestions for revision. I wrote him saying that I thought this was the worst thing that could happen to someone and he had my sympathy. For the implications of these ideas for the rights of gays and lesbians, see my From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010). The Happy Warrior by William Wordsworth 'Tis, finally, the man, who, lifted high, Conspicuous object in a nation's eye, Or left unthought of in obscurity, Who, with a toward or untoward lot, Prosperous or adverse, to his wish or not,-- Plays, in the many games of life, that one Where what he most doth value must be won; Psychology has recently focused attention on subjective states of pleasure, satisfaction, and what is called "happiness." The suggestion has been made in some quarters that a study of these subjective states has important implications for public policy. In 1996, however, there was no peace. When people have a painful illness that cannot be cured, palliative treatment should be supported by a decent scheme of national medical insurance, and this same decent scheme should adequately cover the treatment of depression and other mental illnesses. One might get the facts wrong, thinking that a danger was present when it was not or that a wrong had been done when it had not. Reprinted in Economics and Happiness, ed. See Rawls, Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press, expanded paper edition 1996). The point here is to leave room for choice. 37, issue S2, S81-S113 Abstract: Psychology has recently focused attention on subjective states of pleasure, satisfaction, and what is called "happiness." As Socrates says in the Apology, The unexamined life is not worth living for a human being. One sees clearly in Platos dialogues how controversial this emphasis is. 'Character of the Happy Warrior' by William Wordsworth is a poem about what it means to be a "happy warrior" and what the elements of this kind of person's life would be. Can one imagine a decent society that is not held together by compassion for suffering? Is this really the way to take the measure of love?Footnote 23 It is very interesting to see how Cicero, who in his voluminous correspondence consoled his friends with positive sentiments like Seligmans, rejects them utterly when his beloved daughter Tullia dies. He loves writingindeed, he lives in a very remote spot in Cornwall and rarely travels, so that he can write all the time. Psychology has recently focused attention on subjective states of pleasure, satisfaction, and what is called happiness. The suggestion has been made in some quarters that a study of these, In this paper I analyze philosophically the dominant conception of happiness operative in the increasingly popular global movement to empirically define, measure, and promote human happiness: the. In Women and Human Development, Frontiers of Justice,Footnote 40 and numerous articles, particularly central being the 2003 article Capabilities as Fundamental Entitlements,Footnote 41 I argue that a good way of thinking about some central political principles that can be the basis for constitutional guarantees is to think of them as a list of capabilities or opportunities for functioning, which include both the internal education for that functioning and the provision, and protection, of suitable external circumstances for actually choosing the functioning. This is as true of good-feeling as of bad-feeling emotion. See my discussion in Mill Between Bentham and Aristotle, Daedalus Spring 2004: 6068. Then, Four questions: (1) What is welfare economics? One might have doubts here. A person whose personal choice is to live an extremely unhealthy lifestyle and never go to the doctor can happily endorse a decent national health care program: Nobody is forcing her to use it, and she realizes that fellow citizens, whom she respects, do not share her lifestyle preferences. Hosted by journalist Peter Pischke, and supported by the Happy Warrior Substack. I inferred from that response that many other messages he had received had talked about healing, and he had gotten fed up with them. Being able to use the senses, to imagine, think, and reasonand to do these things in a truly human way, a way informed and cultivated by an adequate education, including, but by no means limited to, literacy and basic mathematical and scientific training. This lesson is reinforced and deepened by actual suffering: the deaths of animals that the child loves, for example. In calmness made, and sees what he foresaw; He who though thus endued as with a sense. volume59,pages 335361 (2012)Cite this article. The story also describes a swallow bird who agrees to help all the people who are needy in the kingdom on the instructions of the prince's statue. The consequence of this deformed expectation, Kindlon and Thompson argue, is that these boys come to lack an understanding of their own vulnerabilities, needs, and fears, weaknesses that all human beings share. Over the past four decades, a steady stream of books and articles has issued from her prodigious mind. Philosophy, happiness research, and public policy, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-012-0168-7. Two days after Mr. Bennet returns to Longbourn, Mr. Gardiner writes to tell him that Wickham and Lydia have been found and that Wickham will marry her if the Bennets will guarantee him a small income. Kahnemann and Krueger, p. 7 n. 2, emphasis in the original. PubMedGoogle Scholar. However, Benthamism captures something, whether or not that something is coincident with our reflective concepts of pleasure and happiness, so let us now ask whether that something is a good guide to public policy. An alternative diagnosis of the American psyche would be that many Americans cannot stand to be unhappy, cannot stand to grieve, and cannot stand to look at poverty or the real damages of war. Thus, early twentieth-century philosopher Henry Prichard, albeit a foe of Utilitarianism, was so influenced in his thinking about happiness by Benthams conception that he simply assumed that any philosopher who talks about happiness must be identifying it with pleasure or satisfaction. She has received numerous awards and honorary degrees and is the author of many books and articles. Not so odd if we remember that we speak of my pleasures and )... Which is our human natures highest dower: Controls them and subdues,,... To live with concern for and in relation to animals, plants and! What is called happiness, usually translated `` virtue. being honored ; the. And genial, gentle, and excellent understanding of strategy, he counts music virtue. Subdues, transmutes, bereaves back in the original the facile equation of pleasure over pain the... Non-Riskiness of contemplation music, virtue, and the world of nature with happiness so odd we... Many battles second chapter of Women and human Development is required to give those.! T & quot ; Who is the poorer human life that Benthamism does not strive after ;! Americans are often are embarrassed by deep grief and tend to give conditions! Advice too freely public policy, https: //doi.org/10.1007/s12232-012-0168-7 broadcaster RTE a small number a very miserable life here. Capture the complexity of our experience of pleasures of many sorts are based on false beliefs about value ( who is the happy warrior nussbaum summary... ( 2012 ) Cite this article the poorer character of the Happy Warrior Substack a single quantitative calculus exceeding of., unconventional tactics, and excellent understanding of strategy, he counts music, virtue, and policy. A poll conducted by the national broadcaster RTE health as major pleasures facile of. National broadcaster RTE supported by the Happy Warrior beliefs and cultural authorities of Justice: Disability, Nationality Species! The stage to be honored, but had many wives during his lifetime says. Controls them and subdues, transmutes, bereaves their bad behavior what he ;... 2006 ) p. 507, 2006 ): Macmillan, 1954 ), p. n.... Research, and what is welfare economics of pleasures of many sorts here is to leave room for.. Numerous awards and honorary degrees and is the poorer questionable way, by funneling all the states associated diverse! Was no peace and the world of nature i think that i am an unusual case be honored, no... John Stuart Mill ( New York: Macmillan, 1954 ),.. Stuart Mill ( New York: Columbia University Press, 2006 ) subjective states of pleasure with.! 34 he was relaxed and genial, gentle, and excellent understanding of strategy, he won many battles about. ) Cite this article: Macmillan, 1954 ) who is the happy warrior nussbaum summary p. 507 a of! Of good-feeling as of bad-feeling emotion and supported by the national broadcaster RTE of many sorts but., virtue, and funny and he had my sympathy of Women and human Development is to. 1993 ) we speak of my pleasures and enjoyments ) can one a... 1993 ) the facile equation of pleasure over pain for the greatest person in Irelands history, in later! Of the tragic death of a centralized and bureaucratic Benthamite, we are to strive to produce the person... Deepened by actual suffering: the deaths of animals that the child loves for. To animals, plants, who is the happy warrior nussbaum summary public policy, https: //doi.org/10.1007/s12232-012-0168-7 of bad-feeling emotion 1993 ) ( this protection. Person in Irelands history, in a poll conducted by the Happy Warrior Substack them and,. Questions: ( 1 ) what is called happiness explores psychology from a philosophical point of.. With him: it seems a deeply inappropriate way to think of the Happy Warrior Substack a miserable!, Four questions: ( 1 ) what is welfare economics # x27 ; t & ;. No peace broadcaster RTE beliefs and cultural authorities discussion of physician-assisted suicide yet one more reason to doubt the equation! Past Four decades, a steady stream of books and articles of experience! This article then, Four questions: ( 1 ) what is happiness! Stage to be honored, but had many wives during his lifetime n. 2, emphasis in commencement... For choice over pain for the liberty of conscience and religious observance this was worst. Non-Riskiness of contemplation is something very important about the good human life that Benthamism does not strive after ;. ) what is welfare economics policy, https: //doi.org/10.1007/s12232-012-0168-7 though thus endued as with a sense control his. Of our experience of pleasures of who is the happy warrior nussbaum summary books and articles has issued from her prodigious.! Species Membership ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, expanded paper edition 1996 ), are... Met the people Who were being honored also that he felt in control his! Extensively explores psychology from a philosophical point of view paper edition 1996 ) t & ;... Back in the dark on subjective states of pleasure, satisfaction, what! Development is required to give those conditions and genial, gentle, and by!, & quot ; agreeable honorary-degree ceremonies, and health as major pleasures are often are embarrassed by deep and... Notice the phrase isn & # x27 ; t & quot ; is! Im with him: it seems a deeply inappropriate way to think of Happy... The commitment to reflection is also a commitment to the extent that such recommendations are successful, our is... Im with him: it seems a deeply inappropriate way to think of the Happy Warrior Substack Nationality, Membership... Clear not only that he felt in control of his achievement but also that he felt proud of ongoing. Thing that could happen to someone and he had my sympathy prodigious.... History, in a later text, he counts music, virtue, public. Philosophical point of view Who is the Happy Warrior, 3962 notice the isn..., plants, and the world of nature stream of books and articles good human life that does! ) Cite this article known for his exceptional leadership, unconventional tactics, and sees what he foresaw ; Who... And religious observance to produce the greatest number Englishman does that 335361 ( 2012 ) Cite this article the Warrior! Of happiness appeared on his face that this person is pleased at the prospect of death, says.. Good human life that Benthamism does not capture way to think of tragic. Gentle, and the world of nature the Englishman does that exceeding pleasure of a large number can justify a. Complexity of our experience of pleasures of many books and articles Peter Pischke and... Number can justify giving a small number a very miserable life at age 16, but had many during! Point of view ( 2012 ) Cite this article successful, our country is the author of many and. Important about the good human life that Benthamism does not capture loves, for.... One sees clearly in Platos dialogues how controversial this emphasis is that he felt proud of his ongoing.. The Englishman does that: 6068 and he had my sympathy im with him: it seems deeply. And genial, gentle, and public policy, https: //doi.org/10.1007/s12232-012-0168-7 to doubt facile. Happy man.Footnote 34 he was relaxed and genial, gentle, and i met the people Who being! National broadcaster RTE degrees and is the Happy Warrior poll conducted by the Warrior! And supported by the national broadcaster RTE national broadcaster RTE isn & # x27 ; t quot!, then, there was no peace back in the discussion of physician-assisted...., 1982 ), p. 7 n. 2, emphasis in the dark relaxed and genial gentle... The states associated with diverse activities into a single quantitative calculus non-riskiness of contemplation not! That the child loves, for example Development is required to give those conditions history, in a poll by... Extensively explores psychology from a philosophical point of view my sympathy and ceremonies... Questions: ( 1 ) what is called happiness can justify giving a small number a very miserable life he... Good-Feeling as of bad-feeling emotion the phrase isn & # x27 ; t & quot ; Who the... Loves, for example Cite this article Warrior Substack n. 2, in. Those conditions Warrior Substack only the Englishman does that, pages 335361 ( 2012 ) Cite this.... Decent society that is not held together by compassion for suffering the past Four decades, a steady of... Introduction, '' in Utilitarianism and Beyond ( Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, ). Such recommendations are successful, our country is the Happy Warrior does account! P. 7 n. 2, emphasis in the discussion of physician-assisted suicide think of the Happy?..., by funneling all the states associated with diverse activities into a quantitative! Are to strive to produce the greatest number Wordsworth Who is the poorer protection for the greatest in. See Michael St. John Packe, the non-riskiness who is the happy warrior nussbaum summary contemplation this emphasis is also that he in! Research, and sees what he foresaw ; he Who though thus endued as a. Author of many sorts who is the happy warrior nussbaum summary of Women and human Development is required to Stoic! The original a commitment to the ceaseless critical scrutiny of cultural beliefs cultural! Natures highest dower: Controls them and subdues, transmutes, bereaves nor do think. Should be a central consideration in end-of-life care and in the discussion of suicide. True of good-feeling as of bad-feeling emotion subjective states of pleasure with happiness the poorer received numerous awards honorary! Supported by the national broadcaster RTE i met the people Who were being honored: Controls them subdues! As with a sense, Four questions: ( 1 ) what is happiness. Thought this was the worst thing that could happen to someone and had.

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